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Financial Statement

A financial statement is an official document of the firm, which explores the entire financial information of the firm. The main aim of the financial statement is to provide information and understand the financial aspects of the firm. Hence, preparation of the financial statement is important as much as the financial decisions.
According to Hamptors John, the financial statement is an organized collection of data according to logical and consistent accounting procedures. Its purpose is to convey an understanding of financial aspects of a business firm. It may show a position at a moment of time as in the case of a balance-sheet or may reveal a service of activities over a given period of time, as in the case of an income statement.

Financial statements are the summary of the accounting process, which, provides useful information to both internal and external parties. John N. Nyer also defines it “Financial statements provide a summary of the accounting of a business enterprise, the balance-sheet reflecting the assets, liabilities and capital as on a certain data and the income statement showing the results of operations during a certain period”.

Financial statements generally consist of two important statements:
  1. The income statement or profit and loss account.
  2. Balance sheet or the position statement.

A part from that, the business concern also prepares some of the other parts of statements, which are very useful to the internal purpose such as:
  1. Statement of changes in owner’s equity.
  2. Statement of changes in financial position.

Income Statement

Income statement is also called as profit and loss account, which reflects the operational position of the firm during a particular period. Normally it consists of one accounting year. It determines the entire operational performance of the concern like total revenue generated and expenses incurred for earning that revenue.

Income statement helps to ascertain the gross profit and net profit of the concern. Gross profit is determined by preparation of trading or manufacturing a/c and net profit is determined by preparation of profit and loss account.

Position Statement

Position statement is also called as balance sheet, which reflects the financial position of the firm at the end of the financial year. Position statement helps to ascertain and understand the total assets, liabilities and capital of the firm. One can understand the strength and weakness of the concern with the help of the position statement.

Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity

It is also called as statement of retained earnings. This statement provides information about the changes or position of owner’s equity in the company. How the retained earnings are employed in the business concern. Nowadays, preparation of this statement is not popular and nobody is going to prepare the separate statement of changes in owner’s equity.

Statement of Changes in Financial Position

Income statement and position statement shows only about the position of the finance, hence it can’t measure the actual position of the financial statement. Statement of changes in financial position helps to understand the changes in financial position from one period to another period.

Statement of changes in financial position involves two important areas such as fund flow statement which involves the changes in working capital position and cash flow statement which involves the changes in cash position.